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Ruby Before And After Heat Treatment – ĐIỆN THOẠI CỔ
When d they start heat treating rubies? What happens when you heat a gemstone? Are Burmese rubies heat treated? What does heating do to …
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Treated ruby | SSEF
It is clear that the colour after treatment is lighter and less purple. The ruby is shown in an intermediate step, after treatment and before re-cutting …
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Date Published: 4/12/2022
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What does heat treatment do to rubies?
Ruby and sapphire of natural or synthetic origin can be heat treated to improve asterism; to remove asterism or silk; to improve, add, or remove color; and even to alter imperfections.
Is a heat treated ruby worth anything?
For example, a 2 carat, high-quality heated Burmese ruby can cost in the range of $7,000 per carat. An unheated ruby of the same quality on the other hand could cost up to $20,000 per carat.
How can you tell if a ruby has been heat treated?
In the market, the desirable ruby colour is a pure vibrant red to slightly purplish red. The visibility of the inclusion in ruby can also affect its value. Mixture of these untreated and heat-treated rubies shows a range of darker and brighter red colors.
What percentage of rubies are heat treated?
Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour.
Why do they heat rubies?
For example, heat treatment in rubies and sapphires improves the transparency of the gem. It’s a permanent treatment, these gems are formed under tremendous heat and pressure in nature, so it a continuation of the heating that occurs in nature.
How can you tell a quality ruby?
The finest ruby has a pure, vibrant red to slightly purplish red color. In most markets, pure red colors command the highest prices and ruby with overtones of orange and purple are less valued. The color must be neither too dark nor too light to be considered finest quality.
Why are some rubies so cheap?
Since natural rubies are rare, they’re also expensive. Generally, synthetic rubies run about 20% cheaper than natural rubies do. Imitations and fakes tend to be 90% cheaper than natural rubies. So, if someone is trying to sell you a ruby at a low price, there’s a good chance you’re getting an imitation or fake.
When did they start heat treating rubies?
Heat treatment of corundums has been mentioned in a number of early works, particularly by Arabs. Teifaschi, in his treatise on gems from about 1240 AD, had this to say: In Sarandib [Sri Lanka] and its environs, ruby is treated by fire.
What is a 5 carat ruby worth?
| Size | V. Fine | Mid. Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2 carat size | call | $600-800 |
| 3 carat size | call | $600-800 |
| 4 carat size | call | $600-1500 |
| 5 carat size | call | $700-2000 |
How can you tell if a Burmese ruby is real?
Real rubies glow with a deep, vivid, almost “stoplight” red. Fake gems are often dull: they are “light, but not bright.” If the gem is more of a dark red, then it may be garnet instead of a ruby. If it is a real ruby, however, know that darker stones are usually worth more than lighter stones.
How can you tell if a ruby is raw?
It is much easier to tell if a ruby is real when it is raw and uncut, for a variety of reasons. Rubies like to grow in a flat, hexagonal shape. If the uncut gem shows this natural growth characteristic, along with parts of its host rock (marble or alkali basalt) still attached, it is very likely it is a real ruby.
Are Burmese rubies heat treated?
Are Burmese Rubies Treated? Most rubies on the market, whether Burmese or otherwise, are heat treated directly at the mines. This makes it virtually impossible to find a ruby that hasn’t been heat treated to enhance color and clarity.
What does heating do to gemstones?
Heat Treatment is a gemstone’s exposure to high temperatures that alters the color and increases the clarity. Specifically, heating is used to lighten, darken or enrich the color. Without heat treated gemstones, fine gems’ availability in the most desirable colors would be scarce.
Can rubies take heat?
While sapphires and rubies can be damaged in various ways during the repair or creation of jewelry, heat is the most common culprit. It’s not that corundum is sensitive to heat, but that overconfident jewelers can sometimes mishandle the heat’s application.
When did they start heat treating rubies?
Heat treatment of corundums has been mentioned in a number of early works, particularly by Arabs. Teifaschi, in his treatise on gems from about 1240 AD, had this to say: In Sarandib [Sri Lanka] and its environs, ruby is treated by fire.
Are Burmese rubies heat treated?
Are Burmese Rubies Treated? Most rubies on the market, whether Burmese or otherwise, are heat treated directly at the mines. This makes it virtually impossible to find a ruby that hasn’t been heat treated to enhance color and clarity.
Ruby Pricing Guide
What determines the price of a ruby? The answer is far from simple. Rubies have fascinated human beings for centuries, and it’s easy to see why. The ravishing beauty of intense, blood-red rubies, and their rarity make them one of the most highly prized gemstones in the world. Our ruby pricing guide will give you all the insights you need about these dazzling gemstones.
Rubies are a popular alternative to diamonds in engagement rings and jewelry. They are also very hardy gemstones that make great long-term investments. Ranking 9.0 on the Moh’s scale of hardness, rubies are only second to diamond and equal to sapphire in hardness. Ruby is considered the rarest of the “big three” gemstones, the other two being sapphire and emerald.
Before making a decision to acquire these beautiful gemstones, it’s best to educate yourself about what truly makes a ruby’s worth.
A ruby’s grading is primarily based on the following factors:
Color Country of origin Treatment Clarity Cut Carat
In addition to the 4 C’s, a ruby’s value changes significantly based on its country of origin. Rubies come from many parts of the world, but rubies from particular countries will be valued much higher than those from others.
It is also common to find highly enhanced and lab-created rubies in the market. These are much cheaper than natural rubies. We will discuss these factors in more detail further in this ruby pricing guide.
Let’s understand how the above affect a ruby’s worth.
Unheated VS Heated Ruby
Ruby can be one of the highest-priced, among the others coloured gemstone. The quality of rubies has been consistently rising, which breaks the annual auctions record. The value of rubies is determined by slight differences in colour, quality, and treatment. This article will summarize the difference in treatment and inclusions between heated and unheated ruby. For better-quality stone, the per-carat price of ruby can significantly increase as the size increase. Colour also has been the main factor in affecting the value of a ruby. In the market, the desirable ruby colour is a pure vibrant red to slightly purplish red. The visibility of the inclusion in ruby can also affect its value.
Mixture of these untreated and heat-treated rubies shows a range of darker and brighter red colors. Image Courtesy: Robert Weldon/GIA. Courtesy: Tommy Wu, Shire Trading Ltd.
Unheated Ruby
Unheated Ruby is classified as Natural Ruby that has not been heat treated. These natural rubies are known to be quite easy to identify as compared to the unheated rubies, as it has natural inclusions that are 10 times visible when seen using a microscope. The characteristics of the inclusions in unheated ruby are intact silk needle-like intersecting at 60 degrees angle. Other following properties of inclusions are unaltered calcite and prismatic like crystals.
Characteristics of the inclusions
Fingerprint inclusions
Angular, straight or hexagonal growth zoning or banding
Straight, angular and possible color zoning and color banding
Unaltered mineral inclusions, clear or opaque color, that might show angular faces
Intact two-phase inclusions
(buygemstone, 2019)
Image Courtesy: Buygemstone
Prismatic amphibole crystals Intact Silk needle like Inclusion Intact and unaltered calcite
in Winza Ruby crystal and hexagonal color
Winza Tanzania Natural Unheated Ruby
In 2007 a new gem known as Winza Tanzania Unheated Ruby was discovered in Central Tanzania, Winza ruby mine. Winza mine produces outstanding ruby quality, other gems and corundum within a short period of few months. Winza mine produces corundum in Bicolor and Tricolor gem. One of the unique discovery in the Winza mine was the Mixture of Red ruby and Blue Sapphire. Due to its pure vibrant red colour, Winza Tanzania ruby rarely receives heat treatment hence it is known as being a natural unheated ruby.
Bicolour and Tricolour gem 14.97 carat of ruby from Winza
with a mixture of ruby and sapphire Tanzania is known to be of high price of ruby
Image Courtesy: GIA Image Courtesy:
Inclusions in Winza Tanzania ruby
According to the crystal morphology, the Winza corundum is divided into two types of inclusion which is prismatic-tabular-rhombohedral and dipyramidal. The medium red and dark (orangy) red quality is rhombohedral. On the other hand, the pinkish-red, purplish-red rubies and purplish-red rubies are known as dipyramidal. Research shows that the top qualities of rubies have inclusions such as long-tube fibre like a needle or hair-like inclusion with an orange-brown material that is known as limonite. The lower quality of rubies usually contains an extensive amount of solid inclusions, such as amphibole crystals and fissures.
Inclusions in Winza Tanzania Ruby
Image Courtesy: V. Pardieu
Prismatic amphibole crystals An orange-yellow garnet inclusion Long-tube-fibre needle like or hair- like inclusions.These inclusions are common in top-quality Winza ruby.
Heated ruby
Today, it is common for rubies to go through heat treatment. This is because the heat treatment of rubies will enhance the colour of ruby and improve the clarity by removing any inclusions inside, making them less visible. This treatment rarely diminishes the value of the ruby however, there are different levels of heat treatment that may be classified from slight to quite extreme at a very high temperature. The value of ruby that is being treated at an extreme temperature may diminish.
Inclusions in Heated ruby
Dotted Rutile Silk Fractures with tension halos. Discoid fracture with tension halos Image Courtesy: Richard W. Hughes Image Courtesy: AGSL altered mineral inclusions with rounded “cotton” like.
Image Courtesy: Alberto Scarani
Mong Hsu Ruby
Today, the two primary sources of Burmese Ruby are Mogok and Mong Hsu. Mogok Ruby is a traditional type of ruby that is of high quality. Mong Hsu Ruby is originated from a small town in northeastern Myanmar, formerly known as Burma. The untreated sample of Mong Hsu Ruby typically comprises bicoloured corundum with dark violet or blue to almost black sapphires cores and ruby rims. With heat treatment, the dark blue cores inside the ruby can be converted to red, making the dark-coloured cores invisible. In Comparison, the Mong Hsu Ruby quality is not as high as the Mogok ruby. Untreated Mong Hsu Ruby typically shows the distinctive zoning with dark blue or violet cores, a cloudy appearance, and multiple fractures. As a result, most stones from this deposit are heat-treated at moderate temperature. At the same time, these rubies also received flux treatment to mend fractures. Flux treatment often improves clarity and removes any unwanted dark zones. Therefore, unheated Mong Hsu Ruby is quite rare.
Image Courtesy: GIA
Mong Hsu ruby weighing 6.21 Carats with dark blue zone being heat treated at 800 degree Celsius for 16 mins. This is to reduce the dark blue zone and make it invisible and often need to rely on advanced technology.
Inclusions in Heated Mong Hsu Ruby
Partially healed fissure with a snowflake-like pattern is seen in a flux-heated Mong Hsu Ruby. After going through a chemical analysis and gemologist observation of internal features shows that the origin of this stone was the Mong Hsu. The pattern of the snowflake-like pattern is formed by the crystallization of the glassy flux residue treatment. The partially healed fissure which looks like a snowflake is one of the rare features that has been encountered under research.
Image Courtesy: GIA
Ruby Flux Treatment
Flux treatment is a treatment that has to brings in contact with the material and it will lower to lower the melting temperature of the ruby. A substance such as borax is being added in. This improves the clarity of the ruby. However, because the materials being added in are not natural, the price of flux treatment ruby will be less.
Image Courtesy: GIA
Flux-healed fracture in a ruby that was heated with borax flux. Image Courtesy C. Khowpong
Burmese Pigeon Blood ruby
Historically, the term ‘pigeon’s blood’ is known for the red to slightly purplish or pinkish-red colour of rubies with a soft glowing red fluorescence. These Burmese pigeon blood rubies are usually found in Mogok Myanmar. This colour effect makes Pigeon Blood Red Ruby gemstone desirable and popular.
The 3.32 Carats Crimson Prince ruby was sawn from a 1.2 gram rough. The colour and clarity is known to be extremely rare Image Courtesy: Robert Weldon/GIA, courtesy of Jeffery Bergman.
How to identify Glass lead glass-filled ruby?
The glass fill most important issue is in the market is the lead glass filling of fractures in rubies they are more browny and opaque. The lead glass-filled ruby made the appearance of the ruby to be transparent and cuttable, which is easily broken. With training and microscope, it will enable people to see the properties of its glass lead ruby. Glass lead glass-filled ruby usually has a flash effect property which is a bright flash and structure of blue and orange fractures. Large Glass bubbles cavities and flattened gas bubble are also seen in lead glass-filled rubies.
Image Courtesy: GIA
Source:
Elements in Synthetic Overgrowth on Flux-Heated Ruby and Beryllium-Diffused Sapphire | Gems & Gemology (gia.edu)
Natural ruby buying & treatment guide – How to buy and tell the difference between natural unheated, heated, new glass filled ruby treatment? (buygemstone.info)
(8) How to tell the difference between Unheated Ruby & Lead Glass Filled Ruby? – YouTube
(8) Red Gemstones: History, Lore and Gemology | GIA Knowledge Sessions Webinar Series – YouTube
Snowflake Inclusions in Mong Hsu Ruby | Gems & Gemology (gia.edu)
Ruby Quality Factors | The Color Range of Ruby | GIA
Rubies and Sapphires From Winza, Central Tanzania (gia.edu)
A Decade of Ruby from Mozambique: A Review | Gems & Gemology (gia.edu)
Heat Treated Rubies
We are often asked by customers, has a gemstone been heat treated. In essence every stone has been heated in some way as they are naturally heated in creation.
The Heating Process
The heating process is in fact just a way of artificially enhancing the colour of a gemstone. It does no harm but to say a gemstone has been unheated when it has been is not being truthful. A stone that has no heat treatment can be tested and certified by a GemLab.
They are totally natural but only account for a small percentage of gemstones sold, they are usually the larger stones being a carat or two plus.
In the late 19th century imitation of rubies and sapphires were just coloured glass and easy to tell apart from the real thing. With the invention of lasers synthetic ruby was used to emit the red light made by drawing solid crystal from a melting pot invented in 1902, called the flux method.
After a number of months the synthetic material can be used. A synthetic ruby does contain almost the same chemical properties as the natural stone but sold at a fraction of the price and are more vivid in colour.
How To Tell The Difference
To tell the difference is difficult and a high powered microscope needs to be used and tiny bubbles in the synthetic material can be seen and do reflect light differently.
A Ruby is a simply crystalline aluminium oxide known as corundum and is clear when pure. But the impurity of chromium and iron gives it it’s red colour.
Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour.
However some natural rubies if very poor quality in the first place can have ‘flux enhancement’ and these stones are literally held together by glassy filler.
However they are quite easy to tell and if you are looking at a ruby that has been heat treated you will not seen any filler or noticeable enhancement. If it was a poor ruby in the first place no amount of heat treatment will make it perfect!
It is good to note that the Gemological Institute America and other certification authorities ACCEPT that heat treatment is perfectly normal for enhancing a natural ruby and indeed that the process is permanent and will not degrade over time. The buyer can of course insist on purchasing a ruby with no heat treatment but must have a certificate from a reputable lab that guarantees this and understands that they will pay a far higher price for a stone that in essence is not really that different from a heat treated ruby which is still a natural gemstone.
The GIA states that you should assume your ruby is heat treated as this is a common industry practice. It does not bring down the value of the stone but rubies with a report that state that there is no evidence of heat are very rare and therefore very expensive.
The GIA suggest this: To be sure you are purchasing an authentic piece, it is always best to consult a jeweller or gemologist who could use their expertise to determine the authenticity of your stone.
We at Vintage Tom/Charles Hart stand by everything we sell and you can at least be confident in the knowledge that you have purchased an item from a reputable source.
Common Ruby Treatments & Enhancements
Ruby Treatments & Enhancements
While the NRC carries untreated and heat-treated rubies only, the following treatments and enhancements are very common. People have been treating gemstones to improve appearance for a very long time. It spans from dying low-quality pieces of lapis lazuli, to heat-treating rubies with a small fire and a pipe, to foil-backing stones, and more spanning back to antiquity. Point being, treating gemstones is not new for the gem industry.
It should be noted that some individuals sell treated gemstone material as natural, untreated material. This is why reputable dealers disclose any and all gemstone treatments to the customer before purchase, so they can make an informed decision.
While there is always research and developments being made, there are three main types of treatments used for rubies.
Heat Treatment
Photos by Ted Themelis – Heat-treated Mong-Hsu ruby
Before
After
Heat treatment is done to improve both clarity and color of rubies. Sri Lanka rubies become a more intense red, Thailand ones lose their brownish color, and Möng Hsu rubies (not to be confused with Mogok rubies) from Myanmar lose their dark, unattractive cores. Moreover, this is a stable and permanent treatment; meaning the effects will not fade due to regular wear and occasional cleaning.
Silk (rutile needles) does not recrystallize until somewhere around 1,200 to 1,600 degrees celsius, and their appearance does change at the microscopic level. Silk can show rainbow colors that fade with heat-treatment, and even dissolve at higher temperatures like other inclusions. It often leaves behind some types of traces due to the high-melting point. Traces of silk are usually easy to spot due to their specific orientation.
Photos by Ted Themelis
Before Heating
After Heating
If a ruby has been heat-treated, it is also possible for it to have been heated in the presence of flux to help heal severe fractures. Various inclusions also rupture at different temperatures, making the interior of some heated rubies white and fuzzy. The ruby above has not been cut since being heated, also showing a fuzzy, recrystallized surface too.
Fracture Filling
Above: There are trapped gas bubbles at the top of the image, and faint, flowy lines indicative of glass filling. You can tell this stone is natural due to the included crystals (they are much more angular than the gas bubbles, not as reflective here either).
Cavities and fractures can cause a huge loss of clarity in rubies and other gemstones, which is why fracture-filling treatments exist. The first is fracture-filling with colored, lead glass. This can improve not only the visible clarity but the color in certain instances. Note that the treatment has a caveat of not being durable, and can be damaged with cleaning in sonic jewelry cleaners. It is one of many reasons that disclosure is so important in the gem industry.
Blue and orange flashing effect in glass-filled rubies. It is a hallmark of the treatment, along with the high visibility of the glass flow lines in this case. Field of View: 3.11mm
In the event of cavities that weaken a ruby’s durability, they are heated with a type of material called flux. This material fills the cavities and allows the ruby to heal the fractures itself. The result is much more durable than glass-filling, though it is not unusual to have residual flux.
Beryllium Diffusion
Of the three most common treatments, diffusion is the least popular and the most controversial. Sellers usually resort to this method when heat-treatment is ineffective. The rubies are heated and have beryllium added in at high temperatures. In essence, a white sapphire can be made into a ruby, depending on how and if the corundum will take the treatment.
It brings into question whether or not the stone should actually qualify as a natural ruby, or treated white corundum. Note that the extra color does not penetrate the whole stone, only going through a portion of the surface. If the corundum is cut open, the center will still be white (or whatever the original color was).
Titanium and Iron Diffused Sapphire
Beryllium Diffused Sapphire Notice how the blue for the sapphire does not penetrate the stone as deeply as the orange. This is because the elements diffused into the blue sapphire, iron and titanium, are heavier and larger elements than the beryllium diffused into the orange sapphire. Iron is 26 on the periodic table, Titanium is 22, and Beryllium is 4. This is why the orange, beryllium diffused sapphire shows better color penetration than the blue sapphire. It is also why chromium (24 on the periodic table) is not popular for diffusion. While controversial, this treatment is stable and permanent, though major chipping could cause loss of the colored layer. It also provides consumers an additional selection of rubies at a viable price-point. Like all other treatments, it must be disclosed to the customer before purchase.
Blue “ink spots” surrounding crystal inclusions of rutile are the result of high temperature heat treatment in this beryllium diffused ruby from Songea, Tanzania. Field of View: 2.02mm
With the diffusion treatment, it is also possible for a feature called synthetic overgrowth to occur. The corundum is heated to high, near-melting temperatures to allow the added chemicals to penetrate the stone. As the stone cools, the outer surface recrystallizes. Synthetic overgrowth is what the re-crystallized surface of the stone is called, since the base material did form naturally.
While not always possible, little blue dots may be found in the diffused corundum material. They are present in the orange diffused sapphire above too. This is diagnostic of beryllium-diffused rubies. Because the heating for diffusion is so intense, traces of titanium will “bleed” blue.
Ruby Before And After Heat Treatment | Heat Treatment Of Ruby And Sapphire , Full Information. By #Gemstonedeal 58 개의 자세한 답변
당신은 주제를 찾고 있습니까 “ruby before and after heat treatment – Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire , FULL Information. By #GemStoneDeal“? 다음 카테고리의 웹사이트 ppa.covadoc.vn 에서 귀하의 모든 질문에 답변해 드립니다: https://ppa.covadoc.vn/blog/. 바로 아래에서 답을 찾을 수 있습니다. 작성자 Gem stone Deal 이(가) 작성한 기사에는 조회수 12,785회 및 좋아요 208개 개의 좋아요가 있습니다.
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d여기에서 Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire , FULL Information. By #GemStoneDeal – ruby before and after heat treatment 주제에 대한 세부정보를 참조하세요
The most commonly practiced heat treatment methods and apparatuses, which alter the appearance of the ruby and sapphire; their occurrences, descriptions, inclusion characteristics, identification, and other features.
This technique has been used for centuries to treat Ruby gemstones.
It is used to improve the clarity and colour of Rubies.
The Ruby is placed in a crucible and heated to extreme temperatures of around 1800 degrees.
Both natural and synthetic gems may be heated to remove or to improve asterism or silk, to remove or improve colour, or to alter imperfections.
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ruby before and after heat treatment 주제에 대한 자세한 내용은 여기를 참조하세요.
Treated ruby | SSEF
rubies, and comprises multistep heating in which the samples are … The ruby is shown in an intermediate step, after treatment and before re-cutting (1b), …
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Source: www.ssef.ch
Date Published: 9/30/2021
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주제와 관련된 이미지 ruby before and after heat treatment
주제와 관련된 더 많은 사진을 참조하십시오 Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire , FULL Information. By #GemStoneDeal. 댓글에서 더 많은 관련 이미지를 보거나 필요한 경우 더 많은 관련 기사를 볼 수 있습니다.
Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire , FULL Information. By #GemStoneDeal
주제에 대한 기사 평가 ruby before and after heat treatment
Author: Gem stone Deal
Views: 조회수 12,785회
Likes: 좋아요 208개
Date Published: 2019. 4. 30.
Video Url link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxkq1z2q7Po
What does heat treatment do to a ruby?
Ruby and sapphire of natural or synthetic origin can be heat treated to improve asterism; to remove asterism or silk; to improve, add, or remove color; and even to alter imperfections.
Is a heat treated ruby worth anything?
Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour.
Does ruby change color when heated?
Ruby heating alters color and improves clarity. Many burmese rubies from Mong Shu have a blue core and heating alters the blue leaving fine red gems. The heating may also alter cracks in the ruby by formation of ruby in the cracks due to very high heating close to the melt temperature of aluminum oxide.
Why do you heat a ruby?
Today, it is common for rubies to go through heat treatment. This is because the heat treatment of rubies will enhance the colour of ruby and improve the clarity by removing any inclusions inside, making them less visible.
How can I tell if a ruby is glass filled?
The identifying characteristics are similar to those for diamonds that have been clarity enhanced with a glass filling: very low-relief fractures, gas bubbles and voids (unfilled areas) in fractures, and a blue and orange flash effect.
How much is a 1ct ruby worth?
Based on what is available in our inventory, the vast majority of rubies that weigh around 1 carat are at least $1,000 per carat. This amount easily doubles if the ruby has not been heat-treated and will increase steeply for rubies that show good color, even if they have been heated.
How can you tell a good quality ruby?
The Color of Ruby
Color is the most significant factor affecting a ruby’s value. The finest ruby has a pure, vibrant red to slightly purplish red color. In most markets, pure red colors command the highest prices and ruby with overtones of orange and purple are less valued.
Why are some rubies so cheap?
Since natural rubies are rare, they’re also expensive. Generally, synthetic rubies run about 20% cheaper than natural rubies do. Imitations and fakes tend to be 90% cheaper than natural rubies. So, if someone is trying to sell you a ruby at a low price, there’s a good chance you’re getting an imitation or fake.
When did they start heat treating rubies?
Heat treatment of corundums has been mentioned in a number of early works, particularly by Arabs. Teifaschi, in his treatise on gems from about 1240 AD, had this to say: In Sarandib [Sri Lanka] and its environs, ruby is treated by fire.
What happens when you heat a gemstone?
Heat Treatment is a gemstone’s exposure to high temperatures that alters the color and increases the clarity. Specifically, heating is used to lighten, darken or enrich the color. Without heat treated gemstones, fine gems’ availability in the most desirable colors would be scarce.
Are Burmese rubies heat treated?
Are Burmese Rubies Treated? Most rubies on the market, whether Burmese or otherwise, are heat treated directly at the mines. This makes it virtually impossible to find a ruby that hasn’t been heat treated to enhance color and clarity.
What does heating do to gemstones?
Heat Treatment is a gemstone’s exposure to high temperatures that alters the color and increases the clarity. Specifically, heating is used to lighten, darken or enrich the color. Without heat treated gemstones, fine gems’ availability in the most desirable colors would be scarce.
How much heat can a ruby take?
These heat treatments typically occur around temperatures of 1800°C (3300°F). Some rubies undergo a process of low tube heat, when the stone is heated over charcoal of a temperature of about 1300°C (2400°F) for 20 to 30 minutes.
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An Overview of Ruby. General Diaphaneity transparent
When did they start heat treating rubies?
Heat treatment of corundums has been mentioned in a number of early works, particularly by Arabs. Teifaschi, in his treatise on gems from about 1240 AD, had this to say: In Sarandib [Sri Lanka] and its environs, ruby is treated by fire.
Are Burmese rubies heat treated?
Are Burmese Rubies Treated? Most rubies on the market, whether Burmese or otherwise, are heat treated directly at the mines. This makes it virtually impossible to find a ruby that hasn’t been heat treated to enhance color and clarity.
Heat Treated Rubies
We are often asked by customers, has a gemstone been heat treated. In essence every stone has been heated in some way as they are naturally heated in creation. The Heating Process The heating process is in fact just a way of artificially enhancing the colour of a gemstone. It does no harm but to say a gemstone has been unheated when it has been is not being truthful. A stone that has no heat treatment can be tested and certified by a GemLab. They are totally natural but only account for a small percentage of gemstones sold, they are usually the larger stones being a carat or two plus. In the late 19th century imitation of rubies and sapphires were just coloured glass and easy to tell apart from the real thing. With the invention of lasers synthetic ruby was used to emit the red light made by drawing solid crystal from a melting pot invented in 1902, called the flux method. After a number of months the synthetic material can be used. A synthetic ruby does contain almost the same chemical properties as the natural stone but sold at a fraction of the price and are more vivid in colour. How To Tell The Difference To tell the difference is difficult and a high powered microscope needs to be used and tiny bubbles in the synthetic material can be seen and do reflect light differently. A Ruby is a simply crystalline aluminium oxide known as corundum and is clear when pure. But the impurity of chromium and iron gives it it’s red colour. Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour. However some natural rubies if very poor quality in the first place can have ‘flux enhancement’ and these stones are literally held together by glassy filler. However they are quite easy to tell and if you are looking at a ruby that has been heat treated you will not seen any filler or noticeable enhancement. If it was a poor ruby in the first place no amount of heat treatment will make it perfect! It is good to note that the Gemological Institute America and other certification authorities ACCEPT that heat treatment is perfectly normal for enhancing a natural ruby and indeed that the process is permanent and will not degrade over time. The buyer can of course insist on purchasing a ruby with no heat treatment but must have a certificate from a reputable lab that guarantees this and understands that they will pay a far higher price for a stone that in essence is not really that different from a heat treated ruby which is still a natural gemstone. The GIA states that you should assume your ruby is heat treated as this is a common industry practice. It does not bring down the value of the stone but rubies with a report that state that there is no evidence of heat are very rare and therefore very expensive. The GIA suggest this: To be sure you are purchasing an authentic piece, it is always best to consult a jeweller or gemologist who could use their expertise to determine the authenticity of your stone. We at Vintage Tom/Charles Hart stand by everything we sell and you can at least be confident in the knowledge that you have purchased an item from a reputable source.
Heat Treatment of Gems: Why It Is Done
What is Heat Treatment? We attempt to let you know when a gem is treated. Heat treatment is the most common treatment and without heat treatment the availability of fine gems would be significantly less. With less gems prices would be dramatically higher only available to the rich. This is the reason untreated gems often command 30% to 50% higher prices. Sapphires, rubies, aquamarine, tanzanite, amethyst, citrine, blue topaz, blue zircon, tourmaline, and others are commonly treated with heat. The temperature and time required to alter color varies dramatically from 400 degrees Fahrenheit to 1300 degrees are commonly used to alter color. Why Heat Treatment is Used Heat treatment is most commonly used to alter color but is also used to increase clarity. Rubies and sapphire can require significantly higher temperature to alter color and change clarity. Heating is used to either lighten, darken or alter the color of a gem. Amethyst is heated to lighten its color. Heat a little more and some sources of amethyst will alter color from deep purple to orange colored citrine. Uraguay is a good example. Heat a little more and amethyst can go colorless or milky, neither of these are desirable. Tanzanite is heated to around 1000 degrees Fahrenheit. Tanzanite is a trichroic gem with blue, violet and yellow colors which in the rough appears as a color known in the trade as “diesel”. If you look into a can of diesel fuel this is what fine tanzanite rough looks like, a brownish bluish red color. Upon heating the gem is left with the blue and violet we know as tanzanite. The yellow is permanently gone. I once had a discussion with Gordon Liddicoat, then President of the Gemological Institute of America, about his textbook for all gemological students, “The Handbook of Gemstone Identification”. In his book he states that the gem tanzanite is tricroic. My position was and still is, that the rough tanzanite is trichroic but once tanzanite is heated the yellow disappears and it is now a dichroic gem, and it is the only way the public or jewelers have ever seen it. Dr. Liddicoat did not waiver from his position of tanzanite being trichroic. Even More Information I still don’t know who is technically correct. Is heated tanzanite still tricroic even though only two colors blue and violet are seen in the dichroscope? Or is there a remnant of the third color even though it is invisible to the human eye. Would appreciate an answer to this question. Aqua heating is also removing the yellow component which gives natural aqua a green tint. After heating the gem is left without the green giving it a blue color of similar intensity. Green tourmaline is often heated to lighten color in over saturated gems, like those commonly seen in Brazil. Other tourmalines are heated to alter one of the dichroic colors. Sapphire is one of the few gems which the color can be darkened by heating as seen in Ceylon Sapphire. Grey silky material known as Geuda can be changed to blue by heating. Not only do the rutile needles that cause the cloudiness disappear, these needles are also the blue coloring agent , titanium, that now upon heating produces a blue clear gem sapphire. Ruby heating alters color and improves clarity. Many burmese rubies from Mong Shu have a blue core and heating alters the blue leaving fine red gems. The heating may also alter cracks in the ruby by formation of ruby in the cracks due to very high heating close to the melt temperature of aluminum oxide. Emerald, garnet, peridot, chrome tourmaline, opals, alexandrite, ametrine, heliodore, kunzite, zoltanite and most spinels are not typically heat treated. Heat treatment is a very risky process as many gems have inclusions that expand at a different rate and cause stress fractures, which then becomes an identifying characteristic of heated gems, particularly sapphire and ruby which can display halos around inclusions within the gem. The price adjustment for natural gems is based on our ability to identify the treatment which sometimes is quite difficult and beyond most jewelers abilities. Ruby is highly valued for being natural and can command more that 50% greater value than a similar treated gem. Unheated Sapphires command an estimated 30% premium over similar heated gems. Natural ruby and sapphires are more durable as they tend to have greater resistance to chipping. Other gems usually bring 10-20% higher value when of natural color.
Common Ruby Treatments & Enhancements
Ruby Treatments & Enhancements While the NRC carries untreated and heat-treated rubies only, the following treatments and enhancements are very common. People have been treating gemstones to improve appearance for a very long time. It spans from dying low-quality pieces of lapis lazuli, to heat-treating rubies with a small fire and a pipe, to foil-backing stones, and more spanning back to antiquity. Point being, treating gemstones is not new for the gem industry. It should be noted that some individuals sell treated gemstone material as natural, untreated material. This is why reputable dealers disclose any and all gemstone treatments to the customer before purchase, so they can make an informed decision. While there is always research and developments being made, there are three main types of treatments used for rubies. Heat Treatment Photos by Ted Themelis – Heat-treated Mong-Hsu ruby Before After Heat treatment is done to improve both clarity and color of rubies. Sri Lanka rubies become a more intense red, Thailand ones lose their brownish color, and Möng Hsu rubies (not to be confused with Mogok rubies) from Myanmar lose their dark, unattractive cores. Moreover, this is a stable and permanent treatment; meaning the effects will not fade due to regular wear and occasional cleaning. Silk (rutile needles) does not recrystallize until somewhere around 1,200 to 1,600 degrees celsius, and their appearance does change at the microscopic level. Silk can show rainbow colors that fade with heat-treatment, and even dissolve at higher temperatures like other inclusions. It often leaves behind some types of traces due to the high-melting point. Traces of silk are usually easy to spot due to their specific orientation. Photos by Ted Themelis Before Heating After Heating If a ruby has been heat-treated, it is also possible for it to have been heated in the presence of flux to help heal severe fractures. Various inclusions also rupture at different temperatures, making the interior of some heated rubies white and fuzzy. The ruby above has not been cut since being heated, also showing a fuzzy, recrystallized surface too. Fracture Filling Above: There are trapped gas bubbles at the top of the image, and faint, flowy lines indicative of glass filling. You can tell this stone is natural due to the included crystals (they are much more angular than the gas bubbles, not as reflective here either). Cavities and fractures can cause a huge loss of clarity in rubies and other gemstones, which is why fracture-filling treatments exist. The first is fracture-filling with colored, lead glass. This can improve not only the visible clarity but the color in certain instances. Note that the treatment has a caveat of not being durable, and can be damaged with cleaning in sonic jewelry cleaners. It is one of many reasons that disclosure is so important in the gem industry. Blue and orange flashing effect in glass-filled rubies. It is a hallmark of the treatment, along with the high visibility of the glass flow lines in this case. Field of View: 3.11mm In the event of cavities that weaken a ruby’s durability, they are heated with a type of material called flux. This material fills the cavities and allows the ruby to heal the fractures itself. The result is much more durable than glass-filling, though it is not unusual to have residual flux. Beryllium Diffusion Of the three most common treatments, diffusion is the least popular and the most controversial. Sellers usually resort to this method when heat-treatment is ineffective. The rubies are heated and have beryllium added in at high temperatures. In essence, a white sapphire can be made into a ruby, depending on how and if the corundum will take the treatment. It brings into question whether or not the stone should actually qualify as a natural ruby, or treated white corundum. Note that the extra color does not penetrate the whole stone, only going through a portion of the surface. If the corundum is cut open, the center will still be white (or whatever the original color was). Titanium and Iron Diffused Sapphire Beryllium Diffused Sapphire Notice how the blue for the sapphire does not penetrate the stone as deeply as the orange. This is because the elements diffused into the blue sapphire, iron and titanium, are heavier and larger elements than the beryllium diffused into the orange sapphire. Iron is 26 on the periodic table, Titanium is 22, and Beryllium is 4. This is why the orange, beryllium diffused sapphire shows better color penetration than the blue sapphire. It is also why chromium (24 on the periodic table) is not popular for diffusion. While controversial, this treatment is stable and permanent, though major chipping could cause loss of the colored layer. It also provides consumers an additional selection of rubies at a viable price-point. Like all other treatments, it must be disclosed to the customer before purchase. Blue “ink spots” surrounding crystal inclusions of rutile are the result of high temperature heat treatment in this beryllium diffused ruby from Songea, Tanzania. Field of View: 2.02mm With the diffusion treatment, it is also possible for a feature called synthetic overgrowth to occur. The corundum is heated to high, near-melting temperatures to allow the added chemicals to penetrate the stone. As the stone cools, the outer surface recrystallizes. Synthetic overgrowth is what the re-crystallized surface of the stone is called, since the base material did form naturally. While not always possible, little blue dots may be found in the diffused corundum material. They are present in the orange diffused sapphire above too. This is diagnostic of beryllium-diffused rubies. Because the heating for diffusion is so intense, traces of titanium will “bleed” blue.
Heat Treated Rubies
We are often asked by customers, has a gemstone been heat treated. In essence every stone has been heated in some way as they are naturally heated in creation. The Heating Process The heating process is in fact just a way of artificially enhancing the colour of a gemstone. It does no harm but to say a gemstone has been unheated when it has been is not being truthful. A stone that has no heat treatment can be tested and certified by a GemLab. They are totally natural but only account for a small percentage of gemstones sold, they are usually the larger stones being a carat or two plus. In the late 19th century imitation of rubies and sapphires were just coloured glass and easy to tell apart from the real thing. With the invention of lasers synthetic ruby was used to emit the red light made by drawing solid crystal from a melting pot invented in 1902, called the flux method. After a number of months the synthetic material can be used. A synthetic ruby does contain almost the same chemical properties as the natural stone but sold at a fraction of the price and are more vivid in colour. How To Tell The Difference To tell the difference is difficult and a high powered microscope needs to be used and tiny bubbles in the synthetic material can be seen and do reflect light differently. A Ruby is a simply crystalline aluminium oxide known as corundum and is clear when pure. But the impurity of chromium and iron gives it it’s red colour. Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour. However some natural rubies if very poor quality in the first place can have ‘flux enhancement’ and these stones are literally held together by glassy filler. However they are quite easy to tell and if you are looking at a ruby that has been heat treated you will not seen any filler or noticeable enhancement. If it was a poor ruby in the first place no amount of heat treatment will make it perfect! It is good to note that the Gemological Institute America and other certification authorities ACCEPT that heat treatment is perfectly normal for enhancing a natural ruby and indeed that the process is permanent and will not degrade over time. The buyer can of course insist on purchasing a ruby with no heat treatment but must have a certificate from a reputable lab that guarantees this and understands that they will pay a far higher price for a stone that in essence is not really that different from a heat treated ruby which is still a natural gemstone. The GIA states that you should assume your ruby is heat treated as this is a common industry practice. It does not bring down the value of the stone but rubies with a report that state that there is no evidence of heat are very rare and therefore very expensive. The GIA suggest this: To be sure you are purchasing an authentic piece, it is always best to consult a jeweller or gemologist who could use their expertise to determine the authenticity of your stone. We at Vintage Tom/Charles Hart stand by everything we sell and you can at least be confident in the knowledge that you have purchased an item from a reputable source.
Ruby Treatment Guide – Unheated, Heated, Flux-Filled, Lead-Glass Rubies
Video explanation between unheated ruby vs lead glass-filled ruby (composite ruby): The second video shows different ruby treatments under a microscope WHY KNOWING ABOUT RUBY TREATMENTS IS IMPORTANT? Before buying any ruby it is important to know what type of treatment it has gone through. Natural Rubies have different levels of treatment. Natural (no treatment) Heat Treatment to enhance color Heat Flux Treatment to enhance color and clarity Lead-Glass filled Treatment to change characteristics of a ruby The more treatment the ruby goes through the lower the price gets! The price can range from exceptionally expensive US$10,000+ per carat for unheated, natural rubies to US$5 per carat for lead-glass filled rubies. Glass-filled rubies have flooded the gem market from traditional retail stores, online websites to sellers on eBay. Simply checking the authenticity of the certificate and understanding the ‘treatment’ section, you can save thousands of dollars. This will also save you time and the harassment of getting scammed by the seller due to them not disclosing these facts to you. I hope this guide will provide you with a basic understanding of the different types of ruby treatments. I do want to emphasize that even if you read this guide, it does take years of experience seeing rubies to understand the different levels of treatments. If there is any doubt about your purchase – “Even that slight 1% chance” – it is always best to recheck the stone from a reliable gemstone laboratory or trustworthy gem dealer. RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – UNHEATED, UNTREATED, COMPLETELY NATURAL RUBY Natural Ruby that are NOT heated or treated are quite easy to check. You will only need to see through a microscope or gem loupe for natural or intact inclusions. Natural Inclusions Are: Intact, fine, needle-like Silk (rutile needles) intersecting at 60 degrees angle. In the same plane or other fine needles at near right angles. Boehmite needles Fingerprint inclusions Angular, straight, or hexagonal growth zoning or banding Straight, angular, and possible color zoning and color banding Unaltered mineral inclusions, clear or opaque color, that might show angular faces Intact two-phase inclusions Below are some sample images of rubies with these characteristics. Please note that it does take some experience to check and verify if the ruby you are looking at is completely natural or not. However, if you do have a great pair of eyes and can see these inclusions and NONE of the other inclusions described in the guide below, you can be sure that the ruby you have in hand is natural, unheated, and untreated, the rarest of all rubies! RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – HEATED RUBIES Almost all rubies – 95% of rubies today – are heat-treated. There are different types and levels of heat treatment in rubies that can be classified from very slight to quite extreme. Distinguishing these levels of treatment can also affect the price of a ruby dramatically. Heat treatment is used to either develop or intensify a ruby’s natural color. Higher levels of heat treatments can also improve the clarity of a ruby by removing or reducing inclusions and making them less visible. The way this works is quite technical and I will not be explaining it in this guide. But you get an idea of why people heat treats rubies. They want an unattractive ruby to look a lot better, so it will be easier to sell. Inclusions of “Normal Heat” Treatment Rubies Are: Discoid fractures with tension halos. It looks like disk-like fractures with lace-like outer healing rims. This is caused by expansion of natural crystal inclusions. Burned or altered mineral inclusions. With rounded, often whitish, “cotton” like or snowball” appearances Broken silk or partially “reabsorbed” rutile needles Ruptured two-phase inclusions and negative crystals Sintered surface areas, especially around the girdle Prices for normal or slightly heated rubies are still not cheap. Good ones can still cost upward of US$5,000 per carat. However, before paying these high prices, PLEASE make sure the ruby which you are purchasing has not been subjected to newer or higher step treatments which are shown below. This is because the price for higher treatment rubies can drop dramatically. CERTIFICATION A good way to double-check if the ruby is what is stated is by asking your jeweler or gemstone wholesaler for a reliable certificate with the stone. On a GRS certificate, it will state the ruby is only subject to H treatment, or H (a) is also acceptable. GIA will classify normal heat treatment as ‘Heated.’ If it is written H(b) or below then you will know that the ruby has been subject to newer treatments and you should not pay the price for normal heat-treated ruby. GIA will classify higher levels of treatments as Heated (‘Minor or Moderate or Significant’ Residue). For all the GRS classification details, you can click on the following link: http://gemresearch.ch/enhancement-disclosure/ RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – HEATED FLUX-HEALED RUBIES The next more extreme level of treatment for rubies is called heated ‘flux-healed’ rubies. On reliable certificate providers as stated above they will indicate these rubies as H(b) or ‘heated with residues.’ For this level of treatment, treaters add “foreign” material to the rubies by surrounding them with a flux-like material, which becomes molten at extremely high temperatures. The dissolved flux will then fill the fractures and cavities from the open stone’s surface which will then solidify into a glass-like substance. This process improves the apparent clarity of the ruby, but because the composition of these materials is not completely “natural,” the price for these rubies is substantially less. The price is depended on how much residue is presented in the heated rubies. Most labs do classify the amount of residue by stating it as minor, moderate, or significant residues. For each level of treatment, the price will drop accordingly on average by almost 20% to 50% per carat. Inclusions for Flux-Healed Rubies Are: Flux inclusions are generally white and have glue or sticky look. But, it might also appear near-colorless, whitish, brownish, or yellow to orange. PLEASE NOTE: Even though these inclusions indicate flux induced by the heat process. There are also flux-growth synthetic rubies which are man-made stones and NOT natural rubies. For more details please read our next post on synthetic rubies. RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – LEAD-GLASS FILLED RUBIES (NEW TREATMENT OR “PHUA MAI” IN THAI) The most aggressive type of ruby treatment that has flooded the markets is called lead-glass-filled rubies. The average prices for these rubies are usually US$ 5 per carat or less. These stones are really not worth anything. This is because, in their natural state, the rough would have been an ugly, highly included brown color, which would NOT have been saleable if not with the help of this treatment. How it works is usually this “bad” looking ruby – If you can call it ruby – is mixed with acid to remove mineralized inclusions making the stone texture soft and weak like a sponge. If you hold the stone in this state it will crumble into powder. This material is then infused with leaded glass to give back the strength and apparent good looks. For an average consumer, you would think this is a beautiful natural ruby, which I am getting in a cheap price or a good deal for. The problem with this type of treatment is many as listed below: NOT A RUBY ANYMORE These stones are not rubies anymore. It is a mixture of natural corundum and lead glass. Actually, most of these “rubies” have more lead glass in them. Yet they are still being sold as natural rubies in major stores and/or some eBay or online dealers which makes this a major disclosure issue. If the sellers actually disclose the treatments of these stones to their clients, the purchaser can then make a more informed decision on how much you should pay for this type of ruby. VERY FRAGILE, CAREFUL WHILE SETTING As it is not purely corundum anymore, this ruby can get ruined immediately if you give it without informing the ring setter. If the manufacturer torches the ring for resizing and it touches the stone with heat, it will crack. If you re-plate your rhodium plate white gold ring it will destroy the stone. For natural rubies, you don’t have to worry about any of the above issues. DURABILITY ISSUES Also, if you are not careful in wearing these “hybrid” rubies they will change over time. For example, if you accidentally spill some lemon juice while eating, the stone will slowly decay in a few days. Therefore, your supposedly “beautiful” stone, will now look like it was thrown from a high-rise building. Therefore, if you are in the market buying rubies it is very important to find out and check for these types of rubies. Inclusions for Lead-Glass Filled Rubies Are: Gas bubbles are sure indications of glass-filled rubies or synthetics. Usually very easy to spot under a microscope or a loupe with dark light background. Blue and Orange flash effect along with structural fractures when put under a black light. It is also a key indicator of lead-glass filled rubies Again, the best way to find out if the stone you are buying is lead-glass-filled rubies is by either having a great pair of eyes and check for the signs above or getting the stone certified by a reliable lab. GRS certificates will classify these rubies as “Hybrid” Ruby. It will have the following comment “Heat-treated and filled with a foreign solid substance (including lead). Special care when handling. Also known as “Composite Ruby.” I hope the above guide is helpful. If you have any additional questions. Please feel free to provide your comments below or send me a message at [email protected]. __________________ Contact us today to get all your wholesale gemstones, diamonds and jewelry needs. We can Source, Search and Supply anything you require. 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Heat Treated Rubies
We are often asked by customers, has a gemstone been heat treated. In essence every stone has been heated in some way as they are naturally heated in creation.
The Heating Process
The heating process is in fact just a way of artificially enhancing the colour of a gemstone. It does no harm but to say a gemstone has been unheated when it has been is not being truthful. A stone that has no heat treatment can be tested and certified by a GemLab.
They are totally natural but only account for a small percentage of gemstones sold, they are usually the larger stones being a carat or two plus.
In the late 19th century imitation of rubies and sapphires were just coloured glass and easy to tell apart from the real thing. With the invention of lasers synthetic ruby was used to emit the red light made by drawing solid crystal from a melting pot invented in 1902, called the flux method.
After a number of months the synthetic material can be used. A synthetic ruby does contain almost the same chemical properties as the natural stone but sold at a fraction of the price and are more vivid in colour.
How To Tell The Difference
To tell the difference is difficult and a high powered microscope needs to be used and tiny bubbles in the synthetic material can be seen and do reflect light differently.
A Ruby is a simply crystalline aluminium oxide known as corundum and is clear when pure. But the impurity of chromium and iron gives it it’s red colour.
Today almost 95% of all rubies set into jewellery are heat treated in some way. However, these can still be very expensive up to $5000 per carat, as a good ruby in the first place has only been enhanced to bring out its natural colour.
However some natural rubies if very poor quality in the first place can have ‘flux enhancement’ and these stones are literally held together by glassy filler.
However they are quite easy to tell and if you are looking at a ruby that has been heat treated you will not seen any filler or noticeable enhancement. If it was a poor ruby in the first place no amount of heat treatment will make it perfect!
It is good to note that the Gemological Institute America and other certification authorities ACCEPT that heat treatment is perfectly normal for enhancing a natural ruby and indeed that the process is permanent and will not degrade over time. The buyer can of course insist on purchasing a ruby with no heat treatment but must have a certificate from a reputable lab that guarantees this and understands that they will pay a far higher price for a stone that in essence is not really that different from a heat treated ruby which is still a natural gemstone.
The GIA states that you should assume your ruby is heat treated as this is a common industry practice. It does not bring down the value of the stone but rubies with a report that state that there is no evidence of heat are very rare and therefore very expensive.
The GIA suggest this: To be sure you are purchasing an authentic piece, it is always best to consult a jeweller or gemologist who could use their expertise to determine the authenticity of your stone.
We at Vintage Tom/Charles Hart stand by everything we sell and you can at least be confident in the knowledge that you have purchased an item from a reputable source.
Ruby Treatment Guide – Unheated, Heated, Flux-Filled, Lead-Glass Rubies
Video explanation between unheated ruby vs lead glass-filled ruby (composite ruby):
The second video shows different ruby treatments under a microscope
WHY KNOWING ABOUT RUBY TREATMENTS IS IMPORTANT?
Before buying any ruby it is important to know what type of treatment it has gone through.
Natural Rubies have different levels of treatment.
Natural (no treatment)
Heat Treatment to enhance color
Heat Flux Treatment to enhance color and clarity
Lead-Glass filled Treatment to change characteristics of a ruby
The more treatment the ruby goes through the lower the price gets! The price can range from exceptionally expensive US$10,000+ per carat for unheated, natural rubies to US$5 per carat for lead-glass filled rubies. Glass-filled rubies have flooded the gem market from traditional retail stores, online websites to sellers on eBay.
Simply checking the authenticity of the certificate and understanding the ‘treatment’ section, you can save thousands of dollars. This will also save you time and the harassment of getting scammed by the seller due to them not disclosing these facts to you.
I hope this guide will provide you with a basic understanding of the different types of ruby treatments.
I do want to emphasize that even if you read this guide, it does take years of experience seeing rubies to understand the different levels of treatments.
If there is any doubt about your purchase – “Even that slight 1% chance” – it is always best to recheck the stone from a reliable gemstone laboratory or trustworthy gem dealer.
RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – UNHEATED, UNTREATED, COMPLETELY NATURAL RUBY
Natural Ruby that are NOT heated or treated are quite easy to check. You will only need to see through a microscope or gem loupe for natural or intact inclusions.
Natural Inclusions Are:
Intact, fine, needle-like Silk (rutile needles) intersecting at 60 degrees angle. In the same plane or other fine needles at near right angles.
Boehmite needles
Fingerprint inclusions
Angular, straight, or hexagonal growth zoning or banding
Straight, angular, and possible color zoning and color banding
Unaltered mineral inclusions, clear or opaque color, that might show angular faces
Intact two-phase inclusions
Below are some sample images of rubies with these characteristics. Please note that it does take some experience to check and verify if the ruby you are looking at is completely natural or not.
However, if you do have a great pair of eyes and can see these inclusions and NONE of the other inclusions described in the guide below, you can be sure that the ruby you have in hand is natural, unheated, and untreated, the rarest of all rubies!
RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – HEATED RUBIES
Almost all rubies – 95% of rubies today – are heat-treated. There are different types and levels of heat treatment in rubies that can be classified from very slight to quite extreme.
Distinguishing these levels of treatment can also affect the price of a ruby dramatically.
Heat treatment is used to either develop or intensify a ruby’s natural color. Higher levels of heat treatments can also improve the clarity of a ruby by removing or reducing inclusions and making them less visible.
The way this works is quite technical and I will not be explaining it in this guide. But you get an idea of why people heat treats rubies. They want an unattractive ruby to look a lot better, so it will be easier to sell.
Inclusions of “Normal Heat” Treatment Rubies Are:
Discoid fractures with tension halos. It looks like disk-like fractures with lace-like outer healing rims. This is caused by expansion of natural crystal inclusions.
Burned or altered mineral inclusions. With rounded, often whitish, “cotton” like or snowball” appearances
Broken silk or partially “reabsorbed” rutile needles
Ruptured two-phase inclusions and negative crystals
Sintered surface areas, especially around the girdle
Prices for normal or slightly heated rubies are still not cheap. Good ones can still cost upward of US$5,000 per carat.
However, before paying these high prices, PLEASE make sure the ruby which you are purchasing has not been subjected to newer or higher step treatments which are shown below.
This is because the price for higher treatment rubies can drop dramatically.
CERTIFICATION
A good way to double-check if the ruby is what is stated is by asking your jeweler or gemstone wholesaler for a reliable certificate with the stone.
On a GRS certificate, it will state the ruby is only subject to H treatment, or H (a) is also acceptable. GIA will classify normal heat treatment as ‘Heated.’
If it is written H(b) or below then you will know that the ruby has been subject to newer treatments and you should not pay the price for normal heat-treated ruby. GIA will classify higher levels of treatments as Heated (‘Minor or Moderate or Significant’ Residue).
For all the GRS classification details, you can click on the following link: http://gemresearch.ch/enhancement-disclosure/
RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – HEATED FLUX-HEALED RUBIES
The next more extreme level of treatment for rubies is called heated ‘flux-healed’ rubies. On reliable certificate providers as stated above they will indicate these rubies as H(b) or ‘heated with residues.’
For this level of treatment, treaters add “foreign” material to the rubies by surrounding them with a flux-like material, which becomes molten at extremely high temperatures.
The dissolved flux will then fill the fractures and cavities from the open stone’s surface which will then solidify into a glass-like substance.
This process improves the apparent clarity of the ruby, but because the composition of these materials is not completely “natural,” the price for these rubies is substantially less.
The price is depended on how much residue is presented in the heated rubies. Most labs do classify the amount of residue by stating it as minor, moderate, or significant residues. For each level of treatment, the price will drop accordingly on average by almost 20% to 50% per carat.
Inclusions for Flux-Healed Rubies Are:
Flux inclusions are generally white and have glue or sticky look. But, it might also appear near-colorless, whitish, brownish, or yellow to orange. PLEASE NOTE: Even though these inclusions indicate flux induced by the heat process. There are also flux-growth synthetic rubies which are man-made stones and NOT natural rubies. For more details please read our next post on synthetic rubies.
RUBY TREATMENT GUIDE – LEAD-GLASS FILLED RUBIES (NEW TREATMENT OR “PHUA MAI” IN THAI)
The most aggressive type of ruby treatment that has flooded the markets is called lead-glass-filled rubies. The average prices for these rubies are usually US$ 5 per carat or less.
These stones are really not worth anything. This is because, in their natural state, the rough would have been an ugly, highly included brown color, which would NOT have been saleable if not with the help of this treatment.
How it works is usually this “bad” looking ruby – If you can call it ruby – is mixed with acid to remove mineralized inclusions making the stone texture soft and weak like a sponge.
If you hold the stone in this state it will crumble into powder. This material is then infused with leaded glass to give back the strength and apparent good looks.
For an average consumer, you would think this is a beautiful natural ruby, which I am getting in a cheap price or a good deal for.
The problem with this type of treatment is many as listed below:
NOT A RUBY ANYMORE
These stones are not rubies anymore. It is a mixture of natural corundum and lead glass. Actually, most of these “rubies” have more lead glass in them.
Yet they are still being sold as natural rubies in major stores and/or some eBay or online dealers which makes this a major disclosure issue.
If the sellers actually disclose the treatments of these stones to their clients, the purchaser can then make a more informed decision on how much you should pay for this type of ruby.
VERY FRAGILE, CAREFUL WHILE SETTING
As it is not purely corundum anymore, this ruby can get ruined immediately if you give it without informing the ring setter. If the manufacturer torches the ring for resizing and it touches the stone with heat, it will crack.
If you re-plate your rhodium plate white gold ring it will destroy the stone. For natural rubies, you don’t have to worry about any of the above issues.
DURABILITY ISSUES
Also, if you are not careful in wearing these “hybrid” rubies they will change over time.
For example, if you accidentally spill some lemon juice while eating, the stone will slowly decay in a few days. Therefore, your supposedly “beautiful” stone, will now look like it was thrown from a high-rise building.
Therefore, if you are in the market buying rubies it is very important to find out and check for these types of rubies.
Inclusions for Lead-Glass Filled Rubies Are:
Gas bubbles are sure indications of glass-filled rubies or synthetics. Usually very easy to spot under a microscope or a loupe with dark light background.
Blue and Orange flash effect along with structural fractures when put under a black light. It is also a key indicator of lead-glass filled rubies
Again, the best way to find out if the stone you are buying is lead-glass-filled rubies is by either having a great pair of eyes and check for the signs above or getting the stone certified by a reliable lab.
GRS certificates will classify these rubies as “Hybrid” Ruby. It will have the following comment “Heat-treated and filled with a foreign solid substance (including lead). Special care when handling.
Also known as “Composite Ruby.”
I hope the above guide is helpful. If you have any additional questions. Please feel free to provide your comments below or send me a message at [email protected].
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