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Skill and Poise – Raymond Arthur Dart – Google Books
Bibliographic information ; Title, Skill and Poise ; Author, Raymond Arthur Dart ; Publisher, STAT, 1996 ; ISBN, 0951930451, 9780951930458 ; Length, 191 pages.
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Skill and poise by Raymond Arthur Dart | Goodreads
Raymond Arthur Dart. 0.00. 0 ratings0 reviews. Want to Read. Buy on Amazon. Rate this book. 191 pages. First published February 5, 1996.
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Articles of Skill, Poise and the F. M. Alexander Technique …
Skill and Poise: Articles of Skill, Poise and the F. M. Alexander Technique · Raymond Arthur Dart · Customers who bought this item also bought.
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Dart and the Double Spiral: The Alexander Techniuque
Skill and Poise by Raymond Dart. 1996. Includes the following writings by Raymond Dart: “Voluntary Musculature in the Human Body: The Double-Spiral …
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Skill and poise (1996 edition) – Open Library
Skill and poise · by Raymond A. Dart · Donate this book to the Internet Archive library. · Benefits of donating · My Book Notes.
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Skill and Poise : Raymond Arthur Dart – Book Depository
Skill and Poise : Articles of Skill, Poise and the F. M. Alexander Technique. Hardback. By (author) Raymond Arthur Dart , Volume editor Jean …
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Skill and Poise | Mouritz ~ specialist publisher on the …
Articles on skill, poise and the F. M. Alexander Techique. By: Raymond A. Dart. Material type: Book (unspecified type). AT Focus:.
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Date Published: 12/18/2021
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Skill and Poise ISBN 0951930451
Skill and Poise consists of the following articles:
“The Significance of Skill” (1934)
The acquisition and perfection of skill is a profoundly human feature. The development …
“An Anatomist’s Tribute to F. Matthias Alexander” (1970)
In this F.M. Alexander Memorial Lecture, Dart relates his long-term connection with the Alexander Technique and the Doman-Delacato method.
“Voluntary Musculature of the Human Body: The Double-Spiral Arrangement” (1950)
The nervous system, muscles and skeleton developed in response to the need for directive movement.
“The Postural Aspect of Malocclusion” (1946)
Dart shows that the affect of malocclusion on posture, especially on the head and neck, …
“The Attainment of Poise” (1947).
Despite the university of malposture and its many repercussions for health, it has received very little attention.
“Weightlessness” (1961)
This lecture to physiotherapists emphasizes the importance of the psychosomatic approach in medicine and health.
“The Dart Procedures’ by A. Murray”.
These procedures, first developed in 1943, are a practical way of exploring one’s movement patterns.
Skill and poise
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Dart and the Double Spiral: The Alexander Techniuque
Dart and the Double Spiral
Raymond Dart identified and drew attention to the double spiral arrangement of the human musculature (Carrington and Carey 1992, 113). Dart, Australian by birth, emigrated to London after graduating from medical school in 1917. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy in Johannesburg in 1923, retaining the post until his retirement in 1958. For many years, Dart was dean of the medical school at University of Witwatersrand. Dart enjoyed a varied career, becoming famous for anthropological investigations, as well as for his work in anatomy. Dart and his family had Alexander Technique lessons with Alexander’s assistant, Irene Tasker, in 1943. Dart had a single lesson with Alexander in 1949, but maintained that Alexander influenced him for the rest of his life (Dart 1996, 26).
The spirals of the human musculature are mirror images of each other. Designating the right side of the pelvis as a starting point, the muscle sheet of one of the spirals travels diagonally around the side of the torso, crossing over the front mid-section to wrap diagonally upward to the left side of the torso, where the road of muscle makes a “Y,” one avenue junctioning with the muscles of the left arm, the other avenue snaking its way diagonally across the back, continuing on its diagonal journey across the neck to hook onto the head behind the ear in its original hemisphere of the right side (Dart 1996, 69), (figure 5).
The diagonal pull of these spirals of muscle accounts for the flexibility and upright capabilities of the human structure. These diagonal pulls may be likened to pulling on the bias (diagonal) of a piece of cloth. There is much greater flexibility in the cloth when pulled on the bias than when stretched on the cross grains (vertical and horizontal grains). The effect of an individual lengthening and widening his back is to activate the anti-gravity muscles (extensors) by causing a greater stretch on them. The Alexander Technique, mistakenly called a “relaxation” technique by some, is not about relaxation at all.
The Double Spiral
The pelvis and the head are connected not only by the bony, vertical structure of the spinal column, but also by the winding diagonal ribbons of muscles that make up the voluntary musculature of the torso. It is because this musculature is under voluntary control by the human nervous system that difficulties arise in an individual’s use, and consequently, potential exists for improvements in an individual’s use. Voluntary control should not be confused with conscious control. It is the unconscious control of voluntary musculature that gets one in trouble. By definition, voluntary muscles have the potential for being under the control of the individual. For an individual to have voluntary control of his voluntary musculature, he must be conscious of how he is using it. The essence of the Alexander Technique is learning to exercise conscious control of the voluntary musculature.
Anatomists have traditionally divided musculature into various muscle groups. This is useful for identification purposes but not useful for understanding the working whole of human movement. Because of the large “sheets” of muscles that form spirals around the human torso, the simple act of raising the arm to place the bow on the string cannot be made without involving the muscles of pelvis. The act of turning the head and placing it on the violin affects the musculature in the lower back, conversely, the muscular condition of the lower back affects the act of placing the head on the violin.
Support of the violin with the head involves both sets of spirals and the support of the whole back. It is when violin support is taught as a localized task of the head and shoulder that holding the violin becomes a “posture.” When the spiraling action of the human musculature during movement is considered, from the smallest movement of putting a finger down on the string, to a larger movement of shifting, to even larger movements of using the whole bow, any action involved with playing becomes an affair of the entire torso and total body.
String players traditionally speak of left hand and right hand technique as if they were entirely separate entitities. When an understanding is gained of the spiral arrangement of the musculature, such terms should become only a means of designating the specifics of the tasks each hand performs. The hands themselves are the ends of a unified process that involves the brain and entire human structure of the player.
Percival Hodgson, in his 1934 study Motion Study and Violin Bowing, made the discovery that bowing motions themselves describe arcs and spirals. Through the use cyclegraphs (“a photographic record of the track covered by a moving object”), Hodgson was able to photograph the bowing paths of artist players (Hodgson 1958, 58).
Dart himself believed in “the universality of spiral movement.”
I recalled an elderly otologist named Miller, 30 years ago in New York City, demonstrating by means of examples ranging from the spiral nebulae to the human cochlea, and from the propagation of sound to the propulsion of solid bodies, that all things move spirally and that all growth is helical.(Dart 1996, 57).
Copyright 1996 Carol Porter McCullough
Reprinted courtesy of Carol Porter McCullough
About the Author
Carol Porter McCullough held advanced music degrees from Florida State University and Arizona State University where she studied viola with William Magers. She was on the music faculty for five years at Illinois Wesleyan University, where she taught viola and was Director of the String Preparatory Department. She played in numerous orchestras, including the Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Peoria Symphonies, the Arizona Opera Company and Sinfonia da Camera in Urbana, Illinois. She participated in music festivals across the U.S., including the Luzerne Center for Music, where she was a member of the Luzerne Chamber Players. Carol was a certified teacher of the Alexander Technique, completing her training with Joan and Alex Murray. She conducted workshops for the Alexander Technique for string players, musicians in general and other performing artists.
For more information about Carol McCullough’s work, contact: Brian McCullough.
References
Alexander, F. Matthias. 1995. Articles and Lectures. Ed. Jean M. O. Fischer. London: Mouritz.
Alexander, F. Matthias 1932. Reprint. The Use of the Self. Los Angeles: Centerline Press. Original edition, New York: E. P.Dutton & Co., Inc.
Carrington, Walter, and Sean Carey. 1992. Explaining the Alexander Technique: The Writings of F. Matthias Alexander. London: The Sheildrake Press.
Dart, Raymond A., 1996. Skill and Poise. Ed. Alexander Murray. London: STAT Books.
Hodgson, Percival. 1958. Motion Study and Violin Bowing. Urbana: American String Teachers Association.
Books on Raymond Dart and the Alexander Technique
Skill and Poise by Raymond Dart. 1996. Includes the following writings by Raymond Dart: “Voluntary Musculature in the Human Body: The Double-Spiral Arrangement,” first published in The British Journal of Physical Medicine, December 1950, “The Significance of Skill” 1934, “An Anatomist’s Tribute to F. Matthias Alexander” 1970, “The Postural Aspects of Malocclusion” 1946, “The Attainment of Poise” 1947, “Weightlessness” 1961. Also includes “The Dart Procedures” by Alexander Murray.
Beginning from the Beginning: The Growth of Understanding and Skill. A Conversation about the Dart Procedures with Joan and
Alexander Murray.
Web Site
Neuromuscular Anatomy, Child Development, and Evolution for the Alexander Technique. AT Anatomy Weebly by Alexander Murray and Anna LeGrand.
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Alexander Technique: The Insiders’ Guide
Alexander Technique: The Insiders’ Guide
Website maintained by Marian Goldberg
Alexander Technique Center of Washington, DC
e-mail: [email protected]
“The hands themselves are the ends of a unified process that involves the brain and entire human structure of the player.” –Carol Porter McCullough
Skill and Poise : Raymond Arthur Dart : 9780951930458
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Skill and Poise
Like F. M. Alexander, Professor Dart was an Australian by birth, but lived a greater part of his life abroad. He too was a pioneer and ahead of his colleagues in his thinking. During his anthropological studies on the evolution of early man he had deduced from the characteristics of an immature fossil skull that it was a hommid. Many colleagues disbelieved him and it was only when further fossils of mature individuals were found that he was vindicated. As Professor Phillip Tobias wrote, he forced the world of palaeo-anthropology to appreciate that there had been, at one time, small brained but upright walking members of the family of man. So he had much insight into the requirements of erectness and in these pages he shares with us the amazing process both ancestrally and embryologically through with human beings have achieved this. We are yet again indebted to Jean Fischer for another finely produced book, this time introducing to a wider public the outstanding work of Professor Dart.Just as FM’s work stands definitively on his four books, so Dart’s work, from the point of view of the Alexander Technique, is expounded in the four main articles in this edition. Readers will no doubt notice Dart’s command of long sentences, reminiscent of FM’s, for both could hold in mind not only the essence of what they wanted to express, but also all the aspects related and interconnected with it. There is much ‘meat’ in these articles; they need to be read and reread and inwardly digested, and there is a rich harvest for those with interest and persistence. Readers will find the glossary extremely useful for unfamiliar scientific terms. Here are just a few items to whet the appetite of a prospective reader: our unilateral habits, i.e. our right or left handedness destroy equilibrium (an interesting point being that FM’s left-handed imperfections seen reflected in his mirror resembled those he observed in his righthanded colleagues); being able to sit well appears to be a prerequisite for acquiring vertical erectness on the fee (so take heed those parents who would wish to encourage their infants to stand before they have mastered crawling and coming back and up to sitting); joints that pop and crack do so because the synovial fluid can form gas bubbles and the subsequent changes in surface tension enable joints long limited in their range of movement to become, sometimes quite rapidly, mobile again; in proper development, breathing follows a definite rhythm, unhampered by the position of the body.Dart writes of two aspects of attention – depth and width – and fully exhibits these in his grasp, on the one hand, of embryological detail and, on the other, his overview of man’s possible evolutionary progress towards perfect socialization (i.e. organized skill). He even lists the five skills he considers fundamental to citizenship. He inspires us to explore the infinities of the ineffably small and the incalculably large. Delia Hardy’s drawings help us to grasp some of the embryological essentials and give an interesting three-dimensional quality to the somites. The line drawings in the last paper of the human form in movement are necessarily stereotyped and two-dimensional -foetal crouch could perhaps be more rounded and ball-like. A video showing these movements in execution would be a useful adjunct.Dart had his first Alexander lessons in 1943 and only one from FM himself. It rang bells for him and he immediately recognised its worth. He already had been writing of body-mind unity back in 1934 when he stated, If the body lacks skill, the mind is to that extent warped. He also found himself being constantly led further and further back to unexpected essentials and principles, previously entirely neglected and overlooked.I was fortunate enough to be present when he gave his Anatomist’s Tribute to the Alexander Technique in 1970. Towards the end is the section, How any intelligent individual can study his or her own self’.Dart described here movements on the floor which he had been following in a leisurely, explorative fashion for more than a quarter of a century. I too can now say the same, being first introduced to them by Walter Carrington and Alexander Murray in the 1960s. Alex used to work directly with Dart on these ‘procedures’ when he was in the States, and on his return he would demonstrate them to those of us interested. As Alex points out in his article at the end of this book, with the guidance of a skilled teacher they are an invaluable addition to the repertoire of natural movements, the facilitation of which is part of the Alexander teacher’s responsibility. I also have gained greater insight into Alexander’s directions, for instance knees forward and away when lying prone. It is imperative that they are not prostituted into ‘exercises’ with an end-gaining attitude but explored, armed with the tools of inhibition and direction, they are a rich and rewarding resource, which continually inspires me mentally and physically. We see around us (and even sometimes in the mirror!) people who are in Dart’s words a picture of bespectacled decrepitude, but he also gave us this inspiring description of what we could be – human beings who are able to discharge all their vital activities without their suffering any impediment of any kind whatsoever, in a state of poise: with their heads pivoted on their spinal columns; and their bodies pivoted upon their feet; while their convergent eyes are so pivoted upon their objective that the entire apparatus of movement is the reflexly operating instrument of their concentrated purpose.
© Jean Clark. Reproduced with permission.
This edition © Mouritz 2005-2014. All rights reserved.
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